[[_Anotacions]] tags:: #marc_teoric #Boundary_Objects #Boundary_Infraestructures #Invisible_Work #boundaries # Bowker_Star1999 # Sorting Things Out ## Conceptes aplicats a la investigació En tot l'article s'utilitza el concepte "cooperatiu" com a fil conductor. Crec que tots els conceptes que es detallen a continuació agafen molta més força en l'aprenentatge quan es pensa en col·laboratiu. ### Engineered (Dissenyat/prefabricat) versus Objectes Frontera Orgànics [[Bowker_Star1999]] ens descriu com l'ensenyament no té en compte les zones fronteres dels estudiants. Un ensenyament generalitzat que els autors descriuen com a 'procés de naturalització'. > "En l'escolarització massiva i les proves estandarditzades, s'intenta insistir en una comunitat de pràctica dissenyada, on es dicten les pràctiques i es controla i regula el procés de naturalització sense tenir en compte les zones frontereres. Són fàbriques virtuals de monstres." ### Marginalitat múltiple, naturalitzacions múltiples: treball categòric Per a la creació d'uns [[Espais Híbrids d'Aprenentatge]] és necessari que el creador, tingui en compte alhora de dissenyar-ho que l'esmentat espai ha de facilitar les fronteres de cadascun dels alumnes a partir de la creació d'objectes frontera suficientment moldeables per respectar aquestes fronteres i alhora, suficientment robusts per l'evolució del projecte. > "El model proposat aquí pren la forma d'un mapeig relacional de molts a molts, entre la marginalitat múltiple de les persones (terres frontereres i monstres) i les naturalitzacions múltiples d'objectes (objectes límit i estàndards). Amb el pas del temps, el mapeig es troba entre els mitjans mitjançant els quals els individus i els col·lectius han gestionat el treball de crear jocs coherents a les zones frontereres, d'una banda, i, de l'altra, crear objectes límit duradors. > També no és només relacional de molts a molts, sinó meta-relacional. Amb això volem dir que el mapa ha d'apuntar simultàniament a l'articulació d'ell mateix i a la naturalització dels objectes. Una de les coses que és important aquí és homenatjar el treball implicat en les zones frontereres i els objectes fronteres. Aquest treball és gairebé necessàriament invisible des del punt de vista de qualsevol comunitat de pràctica" ### El treball invisible En el desenvolupament d'aquesta tesi s'explica com realitzar un espai d'aprenentatge, com dissenyar objectes frontera i s'analitzaran els seus resultats. En una escala més local, i tal i com indica [[Bowker_Star1999]] el disseny d'aquests espais cooperatius/col·laboratius és feina del professor, el [[Treball Invisible]] del professor. > "Les conseqüències de la distribució del treball, i els seus diferents significats en les diferents comunitats, s'han de gestionar perquè es produeixi la cooperació." I Aquesta és la feina del professor o professors en el cas de l'aprenentatge." ### Infraestructura Frontera Un dels grans objectius d'aquesta tesi és la creació d'infraestructures frontera que facilitin un espai col·laboratiu. Apareixen bastants exemples al llarg de la investigació: [[Gamificació 'in the Wild', una infraestructura frontera]] ellaboratori.cat, el web, com a infraestructura frontera > "Qualsevol infraestructura de treball serveix a diverses comunitats de pràctica simultàniament, siguin aquestes dins d'una única organització o distribuïdes en diverses organitzacions. Un sistema d'informació hospitalària, per exemple, ha de respondre a les agendes separades i combinades de les infermeres, els empleats de registres, les agències governamentals, els metges, els epidemiòlegs, els pacients, etc. Per fer-ho, ha de posar en joc règims estables d'objectes límit de manera que qualsevol comunitat de pràctica determinada pugui interactuar amb el sistema d'informació i extreure els tipus d'objectes d'informació que necessita. > És evident que les infraestructures de límit no són construccions perfectes. La quimera d'un sistema d'informació totalment unificat i d'aplicació universal (encara lamentablement afavorida per molts) no s'ha de substituir per la quimera d'un sistema d'informació distribuït, impulsat per objectes de frontera, totalment respectuós amb les necessitats de la varietat de comunitats a què serveix. > Al contrari, com hem vist en el cas del NIC, les infermeres han hagut de fer una sèrie de concessions serioses sobre la naturalesa i la qualitat de les seves dades abans d'esperar obtenir qualsevol tipus d'entrada als sistemes d'informació hospitalaris. Aquestes dificultats es generalitzen, encara que en certa mesura es contraposen amb processos de convergència. > En general, les infraestructures de límit fan la feina necessària per mantenir les coses en marxa. Com que s'ocupen de règims i xarxes d'objectes de frontera (i no d'objectes unitaris i ben definits), les infraestructures de límits tenen prou joc per permetre la variació local juntament amb una estructura suficientment consistent per permetre la gamma completa d'eines burocràtiques (formularis, estadístiques). , i així successivament) per aplicar. Fins i tot la infraestructura més regimentada és ineludiblement també local: si calen solucions, es posaran en marxa. L'ICD, per exemple, s'utilitza amb freqüència per codificar expectatives culturals (com ara baixes taxes d'atacs cardíacs al Japó), tot i que aquestes no formen part explícitament del sistema de classificació. > El que guanyem amb el concepte d'infraestructura de límits respecte a la visió unitària més tradicional de les infraestructures és el reconeixement explícit de la constitució diferent d'objectes d'informació dins de les diverses comunitats de pràctica que comparteixen una determinada infraestructura." ## Anotacions [[Bowker_Star1999]] "We move from classifying and boundary objects to categorical work and boundary infrastructures, weaving along the way the many strands that our cases have presented." ([Bowker and Star 1999:7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=7)) "the institutionalization of categorical work across multiple communities of practice, over time, produces the structures of our lives, from clothing to houses. The parts that are sunk into the built environment are called here boundary infrastructures—objects that cross larger levels of scale than boundary objects." ([Bowker and Star 1999:8](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=8)) "Classifications as technologies are powerful artifacts that may link thousands of communities and span highly complex boundaries." ([Bowker and Star 1999:8](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=8)) "The following section discusses the problems of scaling up, from boundary objects and classifications systems on the one hand to a notion of boundary infrastructure. This analysis draws together the notions of multiplicity and the symbolic-material aspects of categories as artifacts discussed above." ([Bowker and Star 1999:11](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=11)) "There is a permanent tension between the formal and the empirical, the local and the situated, and attempts to represent information across localities. It is this tension itself which is underexplored and undertheorized. It" ([Bowker and Star 1999:12](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=12)) "In opposition to the old hierarchical databases, where relations between classes had to be decided once and for all at the time of original creation, many databases today incorporate object-oriented views of data whereby different attributes can be selected and combined on the fly for different purposes." ([Bowker and Star 1999:13](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=13)) "The medium of an information system is not just wires and plugs, bits and bytes, but also conventions of representation, information both formal and empirical. A system becomes a system in design and use, not the one without the other." ([Bowker and Star 1999:13](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=13)) "A fully developed method of multiplicity-heterogeneity for information systems must draw on many sources and make many unexpected alliances (" ([Bowker and Star 1999:13](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=13)) "If both people and information objects inhabit multiple contexts and a central goal of information systems is to transmit information across contexts, then a representation is a kind of pathway that includes everything populating those contexts. This includes people, things-objects, previous representations, and information about its own structure." ([Bowker and Star 1999:14](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=14)) "Standardization has been one of the common solutions to this class of problems." ([Bowker and Star 1999:14](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=14)) "Membership can thus be described individually as the experience of encountering objects and increasingly being in a naturalized relationship with them." ([Bowker and Star 1999:16](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=16)) "Boundary objects are those objects that both inhabit several communities of practice and satisfy the informational requirements of each of them. Boundary objects are thus both plastic enough to adapt to local needs and constraints of the several parties employing them, yet robust enough to maintain a common identity across sites." ([Bowker and Star 1999:18](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=18)) "The creation and management of boundary objects is a key process in developing and maintaining coherence across intersecting communities." ([Bowker and Star 1999:18](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=18)) "Engineered versus Organic Boundary Objects Would it be possible to design boundary objects? To engineer them in the service of creating a better society? On the surface, this idea is tempting. In some sense, this has been the goal of progressive education, multiculturalism in the universities, and the goal of the design of information systems that may be accessed by people with very different points of view." ([Bowker and Star 1999:26](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=26)) "Most schools now are lousy places to grow boundary objects because they both strip away the ambiguity of the objects of learning and impose or ignore membership categories (except artificial hierarchifile:///Volumes/UserHome/rfrost/Desktop/bbb.html (26 of 101)2/6/2004 12:52:08 PM" ([Bowker and Star 1999:26](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=26)) "In mass schooling and standardized testing, an attempt is made to insist on an engineered community of practice, where the practices are dictated and the naturalization process is monitored and regulated while ignoring borderlands." ([Bowker and Star 1999:27](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=27)) "Multiple Marginality, Multiple Naturalizations: Categorical Work The model proposed here takes the form of a many-to-many relational mapping, between multiple marginality of people (borderlands and monsters) and multiple naturalizations of objects (boundary objects and standards). Over time, the mapping is between the means by which individuals and collectives have managed the work of creating coherent selves in the borderlands on the one hand and creating durable boundary objects on the other. It is also not just many-to-many relational, but meta-relational." ([Bowker and Star 1999:30](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=30)) "Within both symbolic interactionism and the field of computer-supported cooperative work, the term articulation work has been used to talk about some forms of this invisible juggling work" ([Bowker and Star 1999:31](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=31)) "Articulation work is richly found for instance in the work of head nurses, secretaries, homeless people, parents, and air traffic controllers, although of course all of us do articulation work to keep our work going. Modeling articulation work is one of the key challenges in the design of cooperative and complex computers and information systems." ([Bowker and Star 1999:31](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=31)) "The act of cooperation is the interleaving of distributed tasks; articulation work manages the consequences of this distributed aspect of the work." ([Bowker and Star 1999:31](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=31)) "Clearly boundary infrastructures are not perfect constructions. The chimera of a totally unified and universally applicable information system (still regrettably favored by many) should not be replaced by the chimera of a distributed, boundary-object driven information system fully respectful of the needs of the variety of communities it serves. To the contrary, as we saw in the case of NIC, nurses have needed to make a series of serious concessions about the nature and quality of their data before hoping to gain any kind of entry into hospital information systems. These difficulties generalize, though they are to some extent counterposed by processes of convergence." ([Bowker and Star 1999:34](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=34)) "Boundary infrastructures by and large do the work that is required to keep things moving along. Because they deal in regimes and networks of boundary objects (and not of unitary, well-defined objects)," ([Bowker and Star 1999:34](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=34)) "Boundary Infrastructure Any working infrastructure serves multiple communities of practice simultaneously be these within a single organization or distributed across multiple organizations. A hospital information system, for example, has to respond to the separate as well as the combined agendas of nurses, records clerks, government agencies, doctors, epidemiologists, patients, and so forth. To do so, it must bring into play stable regimes of boundary objects such that any given community of practice can interface with the information system and pull out the kinds of information objects it needs. file:///Volumes/UserHome/rfrost/Desktop/bbb.html (34 of 101)2/6/2004 12:52:08 PM" ([Bowker and Star 1999:34](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=34)) "boundary infrastructures have sufficient play to allow for local variation together with sufficient consistent structure to allow for the full array of bureaucratic tools (forms, statistics, and so forth) to be applied. Even the most regimented infrastructure is ineluctably also local: if work-arounds are needed, they will be put into place. The" ([Bowker and Star 1999:35](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=35)) "What we gain with the concept of boundary infrastructure over the more traditional unitary vision of infrastructures is the explicit recognition of the differing constitution of information objects within the diverse communities of practice that share a given infrastructure." ([Bowker and Star 1999:35](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=35)) "If you could say it, you would not need metaphor. If you could conceptualize it, it would not be metaphor. If you could explain it, you would not use metaphor. (Morton 1985, 210)" ([Bowker and Star 1999:35](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=35)) "At the limit, as Nelle Morton points out, we arrive at the sets of metaphors that people use to describe information networks of all kinds. These metaphors we live by are powerful means of organizing work and intellectual practice." ([Bowker and Star 1999:35](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=35)) "Classifications are powerful technologies. Embedded in working infrastructures they become relatively invisible without losing any of that power." ([Bowker and Star 1999:39](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=39)) "As sets of classification systems coalesce into working infrastructures they become integrated into information systems of all sorts. Thus we have argued throughout this book that information systems design should be informed by organizational and political analysis at this level." ([Bowker and Star 1999:44](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=44)) "Working infrastructures contain multiple classification systems that are both invisible, in the senses above, and ubiquitous. The invisibility of infrastructure makes visualization or description difficult. The metaphors we reach for to describe infrastructure are ironic and somehow childish." ([Bowker and Star 1999:44](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/UMQ9NYP3?page=44)) ## Conceptes Marc Teòric ### [[023. Aprenentatge Col·laboratiu]] ### [[Objectes i Infraestructures Frontera]] ### [[Boundary Objects]] ### [[Boundary Infraestructures]] ### [[Invisible Work]] ## Conceptes Propis ### [[043. Aprenentatge Col·laboratiu]] ### [[Aprenentatge Col·laboratiu Alumnes-Professors]] #### [[Aprenentatge Col·laboratiu entre Alumnes]] ### [[Gamificació com a Infraestructura Frontera]] #### [[Presentació Aprenentatge Col·laboratiu]] #### [[Videojoc, Web o APP com a Objectes Fronteres]]