[[_Anotacions]] tags:: #marc_teoric #Game #Game_Elements #Gamification # Deterding2011. From game design elements to gamefulness: defining "gamification" ## Anotacions [[Deterding2011]] > "serious games, pervasive games, alternate reality games, or playful design." ([Deterding et al 2011:10](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=2)) > "Jane McGonigal redefined "Alternate Reality Games" as "a game you play in your real life"" ([Deterding et al 2011:10](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=2)) > "Ian Bogost recommended replacing the term "gamification" with "exploitationware" [9] as an act of linguistic politics that would more truthfully portray the "villainous reign of abuse" that "gamification" presumably entails" ([Deterding et al 2011:10](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=2)) > "During the first boom of computer games in the early 1980s, Malone wrote seminal papers deriving "heuristics for designing enjoyable user interfaces" from video games [46]." ([Deterding et al 2011:11](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=3)) > "Games used for serious purposes or "serious games" [1]" ([Deterding et al 2011:11](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=3)) > "Whereas the term "serious games" denotes games designed to convey learning material in being played through, "serious gaming" encompasses any (educational) utilization of the broader ecology of games - that is, all of the technologies, practices, literacies and social processes surrounding games, like reviewing games; producing machinima; or designing virtual items, avatars, levels, or whole games." ([Deterding et al 2011:11](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=3)) _Estem fent Serious Gaming??? ([note on p.11](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=3))_ > "Firstly, "gamification" relates to games, not play (or playfulness), where "play" can be conceived of as the broader, looser category, containing but different from "games" [60]." ([Deterding et al 2011:12](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=4)) > "gamefulness (the experiential and behavioral quality), • gameful interaction (artifacts affording that quality), and • gameful design (designing for gamefulness, typically by using • game design elements)." ([Deterding et al 2011:12](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=4)) > "This leads directly to another question: Which elements belong into the set of 'game elements'? Take the "Ten Ingredients of Great Games" identified by Reeves and Read [58]: Selfrepresentation with avatars; three-dimensional environments; narrative context; feedback; reputations, ranks, and levels; marketplaces and economies; competition under rules that are explicit and enforced; teams; parallel communication systems that can be easily configured; time pressure." ([Deterding et al 2011:12](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=4)) > "For example, the MDA model [36] suggests that designers work with mechanics to create aesthetics, whereas players experience aesthetics, and in so doing, infer knowledge about mechanics." ([Deterding et al 2011:12](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=4)) _Definició MDA ([note on p.12](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=4))_ > "Take the "classic game model" by Juul [42]: "A game is a rule-based formal system with a variable and quantifiable outcome, where different outcomes are assigned different values, the player exerts effort in order to influence the" ([Deterding et al 2011:12](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=4)) > "outcome, the player feels attached to the outcome, and the consequences of the activity are optional and negotiable." As Juul himself argues, no part of this definition on its own constitutes a game. Only together do they set apart a clear figure against the background of other phenomena." ([Deterding et al 2011:13](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=5)) > "When surveying the existing literature on games and "gamification", we found that such game design elements were identified on varying levels of abstraction. All of these levels should be included in the definition. Ordered from concrete to abstract, five levels can be distinguished (tab. 1): Interface design patterns [21]; game design patterns [7] or game mechanics [67]; design principles, heuristics or 'lenses' [62]; conceptual models of game design units [10,13,29,36]; game design methods and design processes [5,29]." ([Deterding et al 2011:13](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=5)) _5 nivells del Game Design Elements ([note on p.13](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=5))_ > "Table 1. Levels of Game Design Elements Level Description Example Common, successful interaction design components and design Game interface Badge, leaderboard, solutions for a known problem in design patterns level a context, including prototypical implementations Game design Commonly reoccurring parts of Time constraint, patterns and the design of a game that concern resources, mechanics gameplay turns Game design Evaluative guidelines to Enduring play, clear principles and approach a design problem or goals, variety of heuristics analyze a given design solution game styles MDA; challenge, Conceptual models of the fantasy, curiosity; Game models components of games or game game design atoms; experience CEGE Playtesting, Game design Game design-specific practices playcentric design, methods and processes value conscious game design" ([Deterding et al 2011:13](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=5)) _Taula dels nivells dels elements del disseny de joc segons el seu grau d'abstracció. ([note on p.13](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=5))_ > "5. SITUATING "GAMIFICATION" To summarize: "Gamification" refers to the use (rather than the extension) of • design (rather than game-based technology or other game- • related practices) elements (rather than full-fledged games) • characteristic for games (rather than play or playfulness) • in non-game contexts (regardless of specific usage intentions, • contexts, or media of implementation)." ([Deterding et al 2011:14](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=6)) _Definició de Gamificació desenvolupada. ([note on p.14](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/GRCB8EKY?page=6))_